Mollusca
Cephalopoda
EOL Text
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:5763
Specimens with Sequences:5428
Specimens with Barcodes:5171
Species:516
Species With Barcodes:486
Public Records:4105
Public Species:394
Public BINs:436
The Cephalopoda is an ancient and very successful group of the Mollusca. Cephalopods have been among the dominant large predators in the ocean at various times in geological history. Two groups of cephalopods exist today: The Nautiloidea with a few species of the pearly nautilus, and the Coleoidea, containing the squids, cuttlefishes, octopods and vampire squids, which is represented by about 700 species. Cephalopods are the most active of the molluscs and some squids rival fishes in their swimming speed. Although there are relatively few species of living cephalopods, they occupy a great variety of habitats in all of the world's oceans. Individual species are often very abundant and provide major targets for marine fisheries.
Cephalopods first appeared about 500 million years ago in the Upper Cambrian Period. Although considerable uncertainity still exists, the two extant lineages may have separated 470 mya with the possible origin of the Bactritida or earlier. The long separation of the two lineages has, today, resulted in lineages with cephalopods that are very different in structure.
Much of the higher classification of Recent cephalopods is unstable. Various authors have suggested highly varying arrangements. We adopt a conservative arrangement that does not differ much from that of Naef (1921-23). Except for the position of the Octopodiformes and its two orders, we have a questionable phylogenetic basis for accepting this or any other scheme. We suggest, however, for the sake of stability, that the following classification be used until this or an alternative arrangement can be derived from cladistic analyses. The analyses, whether molecular or morphological, however, must be robust and must survive considerable scrutiny before changes in classification should be adopted.
- Class: Cephalopoda Cuvier, 1797
- Subclass: Nautiloidea Agassiz, 1847
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- Fam: Nautilidae Blainville, 1825
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- Subclass: Coleoidea Bather, 1888
- Division: Neocoleoidea Haas, 1997
- Superorder: Octopodiformes Berthold and Engeser, 1987
- Order: Vampyromorpha Robson, 1929
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- Fam: Vampyroteuthidae Thiele, in Chun, 1915
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- Order: Octopoda Leach, 1818
- Suborder: Cirrata Grimpe, 1916
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- Fam: Cirroteuthidae Keferstein, 1866
- Fam: Stauroteuthidae Grimpe, 1916
- Fam: Opisthoteuthidae Verrill, 1896
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- Suborder: Incirrata Grimpe, 1916
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- Fam: Amphitretidae Hoyle, 1886
- Fam: Bolitaenidae Chun, 1911
- Fam: Octopodidae Orbigny, 1839 In: Ferussac and Orbigny, 1834-1848
- Fam: Vitreledonellidae Robson, 1932
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- Suborder: Cirrata Grimpe, 1916
- Order: Vampyromorpha Robson, 1929
- Superorder: Octopodiformes Berthold and Engeser, 1987
- Division: Neocoleoidea Haas, 1997
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- Superfamily: Argonautoidea Naef, 1912
- Fam: Alloposidae Verrill, 1881
- Fam: Argonautidae Cantraine, 1841
- Fam: Ocythoidae Gray, 1849
- Fam: Tremoctopodidae Tryon, 1879
- Superfamily: Argonautoidea Naef, 1912
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- Subclass: Nautiloidea Agassiz, 1847
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- Superorder: Decapodiformes Leach, 1817
- Interactive KEY to families of the Decapodiformes
- Order: Oegopsida Orbigny, 1845
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- Fam: Architeuthidae Pfeffer, 1900
- Fam: Brachioteuthidae Pfeffer, 1908
- Chiroteuthid families
- Fam: Batoteuthidae Young and Roper, 1968
- Fam: Chiroteuthidae Gray, 1849
- Fam: Joubiniteuthidae Naef, 1922
- Fam: Magnapinnidae Vecchione and Young, 1998
- Fam: Mastigoteuthidae Verrill, 1881
- Fam: Promachoteuthidae Naef, 1912
- Fam: Cranchiidae Prosch, 1847
- Fam: Cycloteuthidae Naef, 1923
- Enoploteuthidae families
- Fam: Ancistrocheiridae Pfeffer, 1912
- Fam: Enoploteuthidae Pfeffer, 1900
- Fam: Lycoteuthidae Pfeffer, 1908
- Fam: Pyroteuthidae Pfeffer, 1912
- Fam: Gonatidae Hoyle 1886
- Histioteuthid families
- Fam: Histioteuthidae Verrill, 1881
- Fam: Psychroteuthidae Thiele, 1920
- Lepidoteuthid families
- Fam: Lepidoteuthidae Naef, 1912
- Fam: Octopoteuthidae Berry, 1912
- Fam: Pholidoteuthidae Voss, 1956
- Fam: Neoteuthidae Naef, 1921
- Fam: Ommastrephidae Steenstrup, 1857
- Fam: Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847
- Fam: Thysanoteuthidae Keferstein, 1866
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- Order: Myopsida Naef, 1916
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- Fam: Australiteuthidae Lu, 2005
- Fam: Loliginidae Lesueur, 1821
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- Order: Sepioidea Naef, 1916
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- Suborder: Sepiida Keferstein, 1866
- Fam: Sepiidae Keferstein, 1866
- Suborder: Sepiolida Naef, 1916
- Fam: Sepiadariidae Fischer, 1882
- Fam: Sepiolidae Leach, 1817
- Suborder: Sepiida Keferstein, 1866
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- Order: Spirulida Haeckel, 1896
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- Fam: Spirulidae Owen, 1836
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- Order uncertain
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- Superfamily: Bathyteuthoidea nov.
- Fam: Bathyteuthidae Pfeffer, 1900
- Fam: Chtenopterygidae Grimpe, 1922
- Fam: Idiosepiidae Fischer, 1882
- Superfamily: Bathyteuthoidea nov.
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- Order: Oegopsida Orbigny, 1845
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- A funnel derived from the molluscan foot (ref.?) or the molluscan neck region (Shigeno et al., 2007).
- Circumoral arms that are derived from the molluscan head (J.Z. Young, 1965) or the molluscan foot (Shigeno et al., 2007).
- Chitinous beaks.
- Shell.
- Shell with a phragmocone and siphuncle.
Figure. A longitudinal cut through the shell of the pearly nautilus (Nautilus sp.)showing the flotation chambers (phragmocone) and the siphuncle (partially lost from the larger chambers) that passes through the septa separating individual chambers. The shell has become internal and highly modified in most living cephalopods. Photograph by R. Young.
- Shell with a phragmocone and siphuncle.
- Image-forming eyes.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cephalopoda/ |
Sexual Dimorphism often pronounced in size, morphology and life history: reproductive organs of males (e.g. hectocotyl arm in octopods and squid) swollen and obvious when in reproductive condition; dwarf males common in parasitic forms and in pelgic octopods and squid; males may mature before females and have shorter lifespans.
License | http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Fairbairn, 2013 |
Source | http://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.n48cm |
Cephalopoda (lobsters) is prey of:
Odontoceti
Spheniscidae
Phocidae
Cetacea
Aves
Actinopterygii
Hydrurga leptonyx
Mirounga leonina
Physeter catodon
Sebastes miniatus
Scorpaena guttata
Zalophus californianus
Scorpaenichthys marmoratus
Thunninae
Alepisaurus
Istiophoridae
Chondrichthyes
Merluccius
Cephalopoda
Scombridae
Thyrsites atun
Argyrosomus hololepoditus
Seriola
Atractoscion aequidens
Carangidae
phytoplankton
Epinephelinae
Cheloniidae
Decapoda
Stomatopoda
Anomura
Gastropoda
Based on studies in:
Antarctic (Estuarine)
Southern Ocean (Marine, Tropical)
South Africa, Southwest coast (Marine)
Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico-Virgin Islands shelf (Reef)
USA: California, Southern California (Marine, Sublittoral)
unknown (epipelagic zone, Tropical)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- G. A. Knox, Antarctic marine ecosystems. In: Antarctic Ecology, M. W. Holdgate, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1970) 1:69-96, from p. 87.
- B. C. Patten and J. T. Finn, Systems approach to continental shelf ecosystems. In: Theoretical Systems Ecology, E. Halfon, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1979) pp. 183-212 from p. 202.
- T. A. Clark, A. O. Flechsig, R. W. Grigg, Ecological studies during Project Sealab II, Science 157(3795):1381-1389, from p. 1384 (1967).
- N. V. Parin, Ichthyofauna of the Epipelagic Zone (Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1970; U.S. Department of Commerce Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, VA 22151), from p. 154.
- N. A. Mackintosh, A survey of antarctic biology up to 1945. In: Biologie antarctique, R. Carrick, M. Holdgate, J. Prevost, Eds. (Hermann, Paris, 1964), pp. 3-38.
- Opitz S (1996) Trophic interactions in Caribbean coral reefs. ICLARM Tech Rep 43, Manila, Philippines
- Yodzis P (2000) Diffuse effects in food webs. Ecology 81:261266
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Cynthia Sims Parr, Joel Sachs, SPIRE |
Source | http://spire.umbc.edu/fwc/ |
Cephalopoda (lobsters) preys on:
phytoplankton filter feeders
Euphausia superba
Euphausia crystallorophias
predatory planktonic invertebrates
zooplankton
Actinopterygii
herbivorous plankton
plankton
Engraulis mordax
Exocoetidae
Diaphus splendidus
benthic carnivores
macrozooplankton
Engraulidae
Clupeidae
Etrumeus teres
Gonostomatidae
Callogobius atratus
Trachurus
Merluccius
Cephalopoda
Hemiramphidae
Decapoda
Stomatopoda
Anomura
Gastropoda
Priapula
Polychaeta
Ophiuroidea
Bivalvia
Based on studies in:
Antarctic (Estuarine)
Southern Ocean (Marine, Tropical)
USA: California, Southern California (Marine, Sublittoral)
Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico-Virgin Islands shelf (Reef)
unknown (epipelagic zone, Tropical)
South Africa, Southwest coast (Marine)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- G. A. Knox, Antarctic marine ecosystems. In: Antarctic Ecology, M. W. Holdgate, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1970) 1:69-96, from p. 87.
- B. C. Patten and J. T. Finn, Systems approach to continental shelf ecosystems. In: Theoretical Systems Ecology, E. Halfon, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1979) pp. 183-212 from p. 202.
- T. A. Clark, A. O. Flechsig, R. W. Grigg, Ecological studies during Project Sealab II, Science 157(3795):1381-1389, from p. 1384 (1967).
- N. V. Parin, Ichthyofauna of the Epipelagic Zone (Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1970; U.S. Department of Commerce Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, VA 22151), from p. 154.
- N. A. Mackintosh, A survey of antarctic biology up to 1945. In: Biologie antarctique, R. Carrick, M. Holdgate, J. Prevost, Eds. (Hermann, Paris, 1964), pp. 3-38.
- Opitz S (1996) Trophic interactions in Caribbean coral reefs. ICLARM Tech Rep 43, Manila, Philippines
- Yodzis P (2000) Diffuse effects in food webs. Ecology 81:261266
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Cynthia Sims Parr, Joel Sachs, SPIRE |
Source | http://spire.umbc.edu/fwc/ |
Suckers allow fine attachment: octopus
Suckers of the octopus hold objects smaller than the suckers by having tiny projections called denticles, 3-micrometer-diameter pegs.
"William Kier of the University of North Carolina is studying the rows of muscular suckers along the arms and tentacles of octopi. Octopus suckers' tiny projections called denticles are 3-micrometer-diameter pegs that provide more intimate contact with the surface underneath. The denticles allow the suckers to grip a range of objects, including objects smaller than the suckers. This could be useful information for creating stronger human-made suction cups." (Courtesy of the Biomimicry Guild)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | (c) 2008-2009 The Biomimicry Institute |
Source | http://www.asknature.org/strategy/a2a8d474a2a523727cad40d935dd3f79 |